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对债权执行制度的优化、完善/高汝强

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对债权执行制度的优化、完善

高汝强


对被执行人到期债权的执行也称 代位执行权,是指被执行人不能清偿债务,但对本案以外的第三人享有到期债权的,人民法院可以依申请执行人或被执行人的申请,对该第三人的财产进行强制执行。为了缓解执行难的问题,最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》(以下简称《意见》)第300条规定“被执行人不能清偿债务,但对第三人享有到期债权的,人民法院可依申请执行人的申请,通知第三人向申请执行人履行债务,该第三人对债务没有异议,但又在通知指定的期限内不履行的,人民法院可以强制执行。”为了增强这一制度的可操作性,最高人民法院《关于人民法院执行工作若干问题的规定(试行)》(以下简称《规定》)第61至69条又对债权执行制度的具体程序作了补充规定。对债权执行制度从此越来越多地被执行人员在执行工作中应用,解开了不少债权债务的锁链,受到当事人的欢迎。但由于《意见》和《规定》关于代位执行的规定过于原则和笼统,且漏洞颇多,给司法实践部门正确适用该程序带来了一定的困难,导致各地因理解不同产生操作上的混乱不一,破坏了法律的统一性,从而直接影响了该法律规定的适用效果。为此,本文拟就该制度程序适用中的问题作一分析和探讨,偏颇之处请同仁指正。

一、对债权执行制度的适用条件

  对债权执行制度是有别于一般执行的一项特殊执行制度。作为一种特殊的执行制度,其在适用上除要符合执行的一般条件外,还必须符合其特殊条件。从《意见》和《规定》关于对债权执行制度的规定看,对于被执行人债权执行应具有以下特殊适用条件:

  (一)必须是已经进入一般执行程序

法院行使对被执行人债权执行执行程序的启动,必须依赖于一般执行程序,以一般执行程序作为对债权执行制度执行程序的前提条件 。因对被执行人债权执行适用于被执行人财产不足以清偿债务的情形,而只有进行一般执行程序后,才能知道被执行人的财产是否不足以清偿债务。但并非一般执行程序开始之后必然会引起代位执行程序的开始。

  (二)必须是被执行人不能清偿债务

  对被执行人对第三人享有的到期债权的执行,必须以“被执行人不能清偿债务”为前提。被执行人有偿付能力,而拒不履行,人民法院可依法采取强制措施进行执行。司法实践中存在两个极端的做法:一是对被执行人的财产状况不作深入细致的调查,一旦发现被执行人对第三人有到期债权就立即适用对被执行人债权执行程序,这显然于法不符。二是过于苛求被执行人必须是没有任何财产的情况下方可适用对被执行人债权执行程序,这也不利于申请执行人利益的保护和法院更有效地开展执行工作,与立法本意也不合。正确地理解和适用代位执行程序,应当要立足于对被执行人本身的财产采取执行措施。所以,全面了解和掌握其财产状况是必要的。如果被执行人有其他财产可供执行,就不应当将被执行人的债权作为执行标的。如果被执行人无财产可供执行或其财产不足以清偿债务,即可对其债权采取措施。

  (三)必须是被执行人对第三人享有到期债权

  《意见》第300条和《规定》第61条都规定对“到期债权”才能执行。若要第三人立即向申请执行人履行义务,该债权非得已届清偿期,否则就是对第三人权利的侵害。关于债权是否到期应作具体分析,即有法定期限的以法定期限为准;有约定期限的以约定期限为准;既无法定期限也无约定期限的,原则上被执行人可随时要求第三人清偿,与此相应,进入执行程序后申请执行人可随时申请对其执行。对于未到期债权,申请执行人不得申请执行,即便提出也应予以驳回,但第三人自愿提前履行的除外。然而,司法实践中被执行人对第三人享有未到期债权,我们认为,为防止被执行人私自处分未到期债仅从而妨碍申请执行人的债权得到及时实现,应扩大《意见》第105条规定的代位财产保全的适用对象范围,允许申请执行人就被执行人的未到期债权申请代位保全,待债权到期后再改为申请执行执行。因为代位保全只是裁定第三人不得对被执行人清偿债务,毕竟不同于实际执行第三人的财产。

  (四)被执行人怠于行使其对第三人享有的债权或虽行使债权但未达到目的

  被执行人具备行使权利条件而消极漠视,让其债权处于呆滞状态,足以害及申请执行人的债权。是主观上的过错还是客观上的障碍,则在所不问。即使被执行人不怠于行使权利,但如行使的结果仍然不能改变或全部改变第三人拥有财产的状况,也可适用对被执行人债权的执行制度。只有这样,才能以最大限度地保护债权人的利益,实现对债权执行制度的立法目的。

  对被执行人债权执行制度的适用程序

  (一)申请执行人或被执行人提出申请

  对被执行人债权执行在开始上只能采用申请方式,而不能由人民法院依职权发动。代位执行申请原则上只能由申请执行人或被执行人提出。这一项程序在司法实践中往往被忽视。实践中有的法院只要一查到被执行人有到期债权,就急于采取措施,而放松了这一方面的程序要求。但鉴于司法实践中申请执行人往往难以知晓被执行人的债权状况,人民法院在执行中发现被执行人有到期债权的,应告知申请执行人,由其决定是否申请适用。建议必须申请采用书面形式,申请要说明,被执行人与第三人之间债权债务关系的事实,债权种类与数额,代位申请执行的事实与理由,并提供相应的证据。

  (二)人民法院向第三人发出履行通知

  人民法院接到申请后,应予审查。审查的重点是申请在形式上是否符合前述条件,同时也应对被执行人和第三人之间的债权债务关系是否明确、合法且已到期进行审查。经审查,对不符合条件的,应驳回申请;对符合条件的,则向第三人发出履行到期债务的通知。履行通知应当包含下列内容:(1)第三人直接向申请执行人履行其对被执行人所负的债务,不得向被执行人清偿;(2)第三人应当在收到履行通知后的十五日内向申请执行人履行债务;(3)第三人对履行到期债权有异议的应当在收到履行通知后的十五日内向执行法院提出;(4)第三人违背上述义务的法律后果。履行通知必须直接送达第三人,而不得采用其他送达方式。这里的履行通知既区别于向被执行人发出的执行通知书,也区别于向有协助义务的单位和个人发出的协助执行通知书。司法实践中有些法院以执行通知书或协助执行通知书代替履行通知,这是不符合法律要求的。

  (三)第三人异议

  第三人接到履行通知后,有权提出异议。第三人对履行通知的异议一般应当以书面形式提出,口头提出的,执行人员应记入笔录,并由第三人签字或盖章。一般情况下第三人异议主要有以下几个方面:1、债权债务关系没有发生;2、债权尚未到期;3、被执行人与第三人之间有对待给付;4、债权债务关系已因一定的法律事实而消灭;5、该债权债务关系有数额等方面的争议。第三人无论就以上哪一种事由对履行通知提出抗辩,都能有效对抗执行当事人的执行申请。但第三人提出自己无履行能力或其与申请执行人无直接法律关系的,不成为异议,也不产生相应的效力,其他方面的异议法院无权进行审查,停止对债权执行程序。司法实践中经常发生在执行程序中审查第三人的异议,并驳回其异议,进而对第三人强制执行的情况,这是不符合《执行规定》的立法精神的,也不利于从程序上保护第三人的实体权利,应予纠正。第三人对债务部分承认、部分有异议的,可以对其承认的部分强制执行。如果第三人收到人民法院要求其履行到期债务的通知后,擅自向被执行人履行,造成已向被执行人履行的财产不能追回的,除在已履行的财产范围内与被执行人承担连带清偿责任外,还可以追究其妨害民事诉讼的责任。

  (四)对第三人强制执行

  第三人在履行通知指定的期限内没有提出异议,又不向申请执行人履行的,执行法院有权裁定对其强制执行。此裁定同时送达第三人和被执行人。基于债权人的要求,被执行人若在收到人民法院的执行通知后,放弃其对第三人的债权或延缓第三人履行期限的,被执行人此种行为无效,人民法院仍可在第三人无异议又不履行的情况下予以强制执行。这里需要注意的是,对被执行人债权的执行的执行依据是人民法院作出对被执行人债权强制执行的民事裁定书,而不是人民法院向第三人发出的履行通知。以履行通知作为执行的根据不仅不符合诉讼原理和《民事诉讼法》及《规定》的规定,而且还会在执行实践中滋生出难以得到合理解释与妥当的棘手问题。

  对第三人强制执行的措施与民事诉讼法的一般执行规定相同,也即可对第三人的金钱和财物采取冻结、划拨和查封、扣押、拍卖、变卖等强制执行措施。如果第三人妨碍执行活动的,人民法院还可依法对其采取强制措施。代位执行完毕,申请执行人与被执行人、被执行人与第三人之间的债权债务关系即行消灭。第三人按照人民法院履行通知向申请执行人履行了债务或已被强制执行后,人民法院应当出具有关证明。

三、对债权执行程序适用中应注意的几个问题

最高人民法院对上诉审人民法院在认定事实上有错误的裁定应如何纠正问题的批复

最高人民法院


最高人民法院对上诉审人民法院在认定事实上有错误的裁定应如何纠正问题的批复

1957年4月12日,最高法院

黑龙江省高级人民法院:
你院本年三月二十七日法办字第151号请示:由于上诉审人民法院工作中的疏忽大意,把原审有充分事实作根据的判决,错误地认为是事实不清,而裁定撤销原判,发回更审,对于这种裁定,应采取什么程序纠正。我们认为,这种裁定就是认定事实有错误的裁定,同意你院来文所提第二种意见,即应按照人民法院组织法第十二条第一款规定的审判监督程序,予以纠正。


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT COM-MODITY INSPECTION ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT COM-MODITY INSPECTION

(Adopted at the Sixth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on February 21, 1989, promulgated by
Order No. 14 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
February 21, 1989, and effective as of August 1, 1989)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Inspection of Import Commodities
Chapter III Inspection of Export Commodities
Chapter IV Supervision and Administration
Chapter V Legal Responsibility
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is enacted with a view to strengthening the inspection of import
and export commodities, ensuring the quality of import and export
commodities, protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties
involved in foreign trade, and promoting the smooth development of China's
economic and trade relations with foreign countries.
Article 2
The State Council shall establish an Administration for Import and Export
Commodity Inspection (hereinafter referred to as the State Administration
for Commodity Inspection), which shall be in charge of the inspection of
import and export commodities throughout the country. The local import and
export commodity inspection authorities (hereinafter referred to as the
commodity inspection authorities) set up by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection shall be responsible for the inspection of import and
export commodities within areas under their jurisdiction.
Article 3
The commodity inspection authorities and other inspection organizations
designated by the State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the
commodity inspection authorities shall, in accordance with the law,
perform the inspection of import and export commodities.
Article 4
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection shall, in the light of
the needs in the development of foreign trade, make, adjust and publish a
List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection by the
Commodity Inspection Authorities (hereinafter referred to as the List of
Commodities).
Article 5
Import and export commodities which are included in the List of
Commodities and import and export commodities subject to inspection by the
commodity inspection authorities under other laws or administrative rules
and regulations must be inspected by the commodity inspection authorities
or inspection organizations designated by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection or the commodity inspection authorities. No
permission shall be granted for the sale or use of import commodities
specified in the preceding paragraph until they have undergone inspection;
and no permission shall be granted for the export of export commodities
specified in the preceding paragraph until they have been found to be up
to standard through inspection.
Import and export commodities specified in the first paragraph of this
Article may be exempted from inspection upon the examination and approval
of an application from the consignee or consignor by the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection.
Article 6
Inspection on import and export commodities performed by the commodity
inspection authorities shall cover quality, specifications, quantity,
weight, packing and the requirements for safety and hygiene.
Import and export commodities governed by compulsory standards or other
inspection standards which must be complied with as provided for by laws
or administrative rules and regulations shall be inspected in accordance
with such inspection standards; in the absence of such stipulations,
import and export commodities shall be inspected in accordance with the
inspection standards agreed upon in the foreign trade contracts.
Article 7
Import and export commodities or items subject to inspection by other
inspection organizations under laws or administrative rules and
regulations shall be inspected in accordance with the provisions of
relevant laws or administrative rules and regulations.
Article 8
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the commodity
inspection authorities shall collect information on the inspection of
import and export commodities and make it available to the relevant
circles.

Chapter II Inspection of Import Commodities
Article 9
For import commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignee must
register them with the commodity inspection authorities located at the
port of discharge or the station of arrival. Import commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities shall be checked and released by the
Customs upon presentation of the seal of the commodity inspection
authorities affixed to the Customs declaration.
Article 10
For import commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignee shall
apply to the same authorities for inspection in places and within the time
limit specified by them. The commodity inspection authorities shall
accomplish the procedures for inspection and issue an inspection
certificate within the period of validity of claims prescribed in a
foreign trade contract.
Article 11
If import commodities other than those which are subject to inspection by
the commodity inspection authorities in accordance with this Law are found
to be not up to the quality standard, damaged or short on weight or
quantity, the consignee shall apply to the commodity inspection
authorities for inspection and the issuance of an inspection certificate
if such a certificate is necessary for claiming compensation.
Article 12
For important import commodities and a complete set of equipment in large
size, the consignee shall, in accordance with the terms agreed upon in a
foreign trade contract, conduct initial inspection or initial supervision
over manufacturing or loading in the exporting country before shipment,
while the relevant competent departments shall strengthen their
supervision. The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary,
dispatch inspection personnel to take part in such inspection and
supervision.

Chapter III Inspection of Export Commodities
Article 13
For export commodities which are subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities in accordance with this Law, the consignor shall
apply to the same authorities for inspection in the places and within the
time limit specified by them. The commodity inspection authorities shall
accomplish the procedures for inspection and issue a certificate without
delaying the prescribed time for shipment. Export commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities shall be checked and released by the
Customs upon presentation of the inspection certificate or the paper for
release issued by the commodity inspection authorities or the seal of the
same authorities affixed to the Customs declaration.
Article 14
Export commodities which have been inspected and passed by the commodity
inspection authorities and for which an inspection certificate or a paper
for release has been issued by the same authorities shall be declared for
export and shipped out of the country within the time limit specified by
the same authorities. Failing to meet the time limit shall entail
reapplication for inspection.
Article 15
An enterprise manufacturing packagings for dangerous export goods must
apply to the commodity inspection authorities for a test of the
performance of such packagings. An enterprise producing dangerous export
goods must apply to the same authorities for a test of the use of
packagings. No permission shall be granted for the export of dangerous
goods kept in packagings which have not passed a test.
Article 16
For vessel holds or containers used for carrying perishable foods, the
carrier or the organization using the containers shall apply for
inspection before loading. No permission shall be granted for loading and
shipment until the relevant conditions are passed by the inspectors.

Chapter IV Supervision and Administration
Article 17
The commodity inspection authorities may make a random inspection of
import and export commodities beyond those subject to inspection by the
commodity inspection authorities in accordance with this Law. No
permission shall be granted for the export of export commodities found to
be substandard in a random inspection.
Article 18
The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary, assign
inspection personnel to manufacturers of export commodities which are
included in the List of Commodities to take part in supervision over the
quality inspection of export commodities before they leave the factory.
Article 19
The commodity inspection authorities may undertake the quality
certification of import and export commodities on the basis of agreements
signed between the State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the
foreign bodies concerned or upon entrustment by the foreign bodies
concerned. They may permit the use of quality certification marks on
import and export commodities which have been given quality certification.
Article 20
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the commodity
inspection authorities shall, on the basis of the requirements in their
inspection, entrust competent inspection organizations at home and abroad
with the inspection of import and export commodities after examining their
qualifications.
Article 21
The State Administration for Commodity Inspection and the Commodity
inspection authorities shall exercise supervision over the import and
export commodity inspection conducted by the inspection organizations
designated or approved by them and may make a random inspection of the
commodities which have been inspected by such organization.
Article 22
The State shall, when necessary, institute a quality licence system for
important import and export commodities and their manufacturers. The
specific measures thereof shall be drawn up by the State Administration
for Commodity Inspection in conjunction with the relevant competent
departments under the State Council.
Article 23
The commodity inspection authorities may, when necessary, place commodity
inspection marks or sealings on import and export commodities proved to be
up to standard through inspection.
Article 24
In case an applicant for the inspection of import and export commodities
disagrees with the results of inspection presented by the commodity
inspection authorities, he may apply for reinspection to the same
authorities, to those at the next higher level or to the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection. The conclusion on reinspection
shall be made by the commodity inspection authorities or the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection which has accepted the application
for reinspection.
Article 25
The commodity inspection authorities, the inspection organizations
designated by them and other inspection organizations approved by the
State Administration for Commodity Inspection may handle the business of
superintending and surveying import and export commodities as entrusted by
parties involved in foreign trade or by foreign inspection bodies.
The scope of business of superintending and surveying import and export
commodities shall cover: inspection of the quality, quantity, weight and
packing of import and export commodities; inspection of cargoes with
respect to general or particular average; inspection of container cargoes;
damage survey of import cargoes; inspection of technical conditions for
the shipment of exports; measurement of dead tonnage; certification of the
origin or value of exports and other superintending and surveying
services.

Chapter V Legal Responsibility
Article 26
Anyone who, in violation of the relevant provisions of this Law, purposely
markets or uses import commodities which are included in the List of
Commodities or subject to inspection by the commodity inspection
authorities in accordance with other laws or administrative rules and
regulations without having such commodities inspected, or purposely
exports export commodities which are included in the List of Commodities
or subject to inspection by the commodity inspection authorities in
accordance with other laws or administrative rules and regulations without
having such commodities inspected and proved up to standard shall be fined
by the commodity inspection authorities. If the circumstances are serious
and cause heavy economic losses, the criminal responsibility of the
personnel directly responsible shall be investigated by applying mutatis
mutandis the provisions of Article 187 of the Criminal Law.
Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of Article 17 of this Law,
purposely exports export commodities which have been found substandard
during a random inspection by the commodity inspection authorities, shall
be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
Article 27
If the falsifying or remaking of the certificates or documents, seals or
stamps, marks, sealings or quality certification marks for commodity
inspection constitutes a crime, the criminal responsibility of the
personnel directly responsible shall be investigated by applying mutatis
mutandis the provisions of Article 167 of the Criminal Law; if the
circumstances are minor, the offender shall be fined by the commodity
inspection authorities.
Article 28
If a party refuses to accept the punishment decision of the commodity
inspection authorities, he may, within 30 days of receiving the notice on
the punishment, apply for reconsideration to the same authorities which
have made the punishment decision, to those at the next higher level or to
the State Administration for Commodity Inspection. If the party refuses
to accept the decision on the reconsideration, he may, within 30 days of
receiving the notice on the reconsideration decision, bring a suit nor
complies with the punishment decision within the prescribed time limit,
the commodity inspection authorities which have made the punishment
decision shall apply to a court of law for compulsory execution.
Article 29
Any functionary of the State Administration for Commodity Inspection or of
the commodity inspection authorities or any of the inspection personnel of
the inspection organizations designated by the State Administration for
Commodity Inspection and the commodity inspection authorities who abuses
his power, commits irregularities for the benefit of his relatives or
friends, falsifies inspection results or fails to conduct inspection and
issue a certificate within the time limit through dereliction shall,
depending on the seriousness of the circumstances, be given administrative
sanction, or his criminal responsibility shall be investigated according
to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 30
The commodity inspection authorities and other inspection organizations
shall collect fees according to relevant provisions for carrying out
inspection or performing superintending and surveying services in
accordance with the provisions of this Law. The procedures for collecting
fees shall be drawn up by the State Administration for Commodity
Inspection in conjunction with the competent departments under the State
Council.
Article 31
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Administration for Commodity Inspection and shall come into force after
being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 32
This Law shall come into force as of August 1, 1989. The Regulations of
the People's Republic of China on the Inspection of Import and Export
Commodities promulgated by the State Council on January 28, 1984 shall be
invalidated as of the same date.



Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.